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The field of nanotechnology is quickly developing and emerging since it has enormous potential for various human uses. With their unique, size-based physical and chemical attributes, nonmaterials generated and engineered through nanotechnology have many applications in biomedicine and agriculture. Theranostics is a branch of nanomedicine that uses small, highly surface-area nanoparticles to diagnose and treat diseases. Nanomaterials have a wide range of uses in agriculture, from fertilizers that improve soil nutrient uptake by plants to nano pesticides that control a variety of pests, including fungi, phytophagous insects, and weeds, increasing food output. Agriculture and food security are intimately connected, and many researchers are interested. Agriculture production depends on many difficulties due to the severe effects of climate change, water problems and changing the distribution of insect pests. Meanwhile, it faces tremendous challenges in maintaining food security for a massive population amid declining resources. Research is actively exploring the use of nonmaterial in agriculture due to their tremendous promise. Despite their good qualities, nonmaterial present risks to the environment and human health, necessitating risk assessment studies. Green nonmaterial synthesis may lessen the usage of toxic agrochemicals that pollute the environment and enter biological systems, providing an environmentally safe, environmentally friendly, and economically advantageous option. In this critical evaluation, nanoparticles are used in agriculture.
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The extent, purpose, and model of performance assessment should be guided by our understanding of clinical competence. We have come a long way from believing that competence is generic, fixed, and transferable across contents; to viewing competence as dynamic, incremental, contextual, and non-transferable. However, our pattern of assessment largely remains what it was many years ago. Contemporary educationists view competency assessment as different from traditional format. They place more emphasis on the role of expert subjective judgment, especially for performance and domain-independent competencies. Such assessments have conclusively shown their validity, reliability, and utility. They; however, require trained assessors, trust between the teachers and the taught, and above all, a political and administrative will for implementation.
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Purpose : To report a case of late opacification of the hydrophilic acrylic Intraocular Lens (IOL) after uneventful Cataract Surgery. Methods : A 60-year-old male presented with chief complaint of gradual diminution of vision in right eye over the past one year. He was Normotensive, Non-diabetic and had a normal Lipid Profile. History revealed that he underwent uneventful phacoemulsification with posterior chamber hydrophilic intraocular in the bag implantation for pre-senile cataract in his Right Eye ten years ago. He had the best corrected visual acuity of 6/6 in his Right Eye for nine years Post Cataract Surgery. Slit-lamp examination confirmed Intraocular Lens Opacification. Results : Intraocular Lens exchange was performed in his Right Eye. The hydrophilic IOL was replaced with poly methyl methacrylate intraocular lens. The explanted IOL showed uniform grayish-white opacification. Post operative period was uneventful. Intraocular pressure by applanation tonometry was 16.4 mm Hg in both the eyes. Patient抯 best corrected visual acuity was 6/6 with -1 D Cyl. at 90 degree, Postoperatively. Over a follow up period of one year, the patient did not develop complications like posterior capsular IOL opacification. Conclusion: Intraocular Lens opacification is an extremely rare late postoperative complication of Phacoemulsification which can be managed effectively by IOL exchange procedure in cases of opacified IOL optics causing visual morbidity
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Background & objectives: The overall adult prevalence of HIV in India was estimated to be 0.22 per cent in 2019. The HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM), a high-risk group for HIV, was estimated to be 4.3 per cent, which is 16 times higher than the national average. In Delhi, the estimated prevalence among MSM was 1.8 per cent. Despite free HIV testing services being made available by the National AIDS Control Programme for more than two decades, many MSM were not aware about their HIV status. Therefore, newer testing strategies are needed. Oral HIV self-testing (HIVST) has proved to be one such promising innovation. At present, there are no programme guidelines on HIVST and oral HIVST kit is not available in India. The aim of this study was to understand the perceived advantages and disadvantages of introduction of oral HIVST strategy among MSM. Methods: MSM who were registered with the selected non-governmental organizations working as targeted intervention sites in Delhi, India, were recruited for focus group discussions (FGDs) between January and May 2021. For the purpose of this study, MSM were defined as males who had anal/oral sex with male/hijra partner in the past one month. A total of six FGDs were conducted using a prepared FGD guide. The FGD guide included questions on problems faced during conventional HIV testing, participants’ awareness, acceptability and perceptions of oral HIVST. The data were manually coded and entered in NVivo release 1.5 and themes were identified. Results: A total of 67 respondents participated in the FGDs. A total of 28.4 per cent MSM were beggars at traffic lights, 12 per cent were sex workers and 11.9 per cent were bar/event dancers. Nearly half (50.7%) of the participants had undergone HIV testing less than twice in the preceding one year. None of the MSM were aware about oral HIVST. Perceived advantages of oral HIVST were ease of use, confidentiality and the non-invasive pain-free procedure. Perceived concerns included lack of post-test counselling, linkage to care, poor mental health outcomes and forced testing. Interpretation & conclusions: Most MSM had positive perceptions about oral HIVST. Therefore, it is likely that the introduction of oral HIVST may result in higher uptake of HIV testing among MSM
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Background & objectives: HIV sentinel surveillance (HSS) among antenatal women in India has been used to track the epidemic for many years. However, reliable tracking at the local level is not possible as ANC sentinel sites are limited in number and cover a smaller sample size at each site. Prevention of parent-to-child-transmission (PPTCT) programme data has a potential advantage due to better geographical coverage, which could provide more precise HIV case estimates; therefore, we compared HSS ANC data with PPTCT programme data for HIV tracking. Methods: Out of the 499 surveillance sites, where HSS and PPTCT programme was being conducted in 2015, 210 sites (140 urban and 70 rural) were selected using a stratified random sampling method. HSS (n=72,981) and PPTCT (n=112,832) data records were linked confidentially. The sociodemographic characteristics of HSS and PPTCT attendees were compared. HIV prevalence from HSS ANC was compared with the PPTCT programme data using Chi-square test. State- and site-level correlation of HIV prevalence was also done. Concordance between HSS and PPTCT HIV positivity was estimated using kappa statistics. Results: The age distribution of HSS and PPTCT attendees was similar (range: 23 to 27 yr); however, HSS ANC participants were better educated, whereas PPTCT recorded a higher proportion of homemakers. The correlation of HIV prevalence between HSS and PPTCT was high (r=0.9) at the State level and moderate at the site level (r=0.7). The HIV positivity agreement between HSS ANC and PPTCT was good (kappa=0.633). A similar prevalence was reported across 26 States, whereas PPTCT had a significantly lower prevalence than HSS in three States where PPTCT coverage was low. Overall HIV prevalence was 0.31 per cent in HSS and 0.22 per cent in PPTCT (P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: High-quality PPTCT programme data can provide reliable HIV trends in India. An operational framework for PPTCT-based surveillance should be pilot-tested in a phased manner before replacing HSS with PPTCT.
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Introduction: In elderly persons, due to physiological, anatomical, and functional changes, body mass index (BMI) may not be suitable for the assessment of nutritional status. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) can be a proxy indicator to identify underweight and overweight/obesity among elderly persons. This study aimed to estimate the correlation between MUAC and BMI, and the cutoffs for MUAC using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Material and Methods: This survey was carried out in a resettlement colony of Delhi. The participants were residents of the area who were aged 60 years or older, and selected by a simple random sampling technique. The arm span, weight, and MUAC of the participants were measured. The correlation between MUAC and BMI for gender and age group was calculated. The ROC curve was also constructed. Results: A total of 946 eligible participants were enrolled. The correlation between MUAC and BMI was 0.67 (P < 0.001) and 0.76 (P < 0.001) among men and women, respectively. The MUAC cutoff for underweight was <25 cm with a sensitivity of 68.8% and specificity of 84.9%. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.84 (0.80–0.88). The MUAC cutoff for overweight/obesity was ?27 cm with a sensitivity of 83.9% and specificity of 64.9%, and AUC was 0.78 (0.75–0.82). Conclusion: The MUAC of the participants increased as the BMI of the participants increased. MUAC cutoff was determined using the ROC curve for underweight and overweight/obesity among elderly persons.
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Introduction: Failure of ossification in the vertical direction between the two halves of the frontal bone is called a metopic suture; this suture is present in between the superciliary arch and tubers of the frontal bone so it is also called a median frontal suture. At birth, the frontal bone present is two half, in the 1st year they contact each other, and within the 7th to 8th year, they fused together. Sometimes, bones may not be fused completely and it becomes metopic fontanelle. MaterialsandMethods: The goal of the current study was to determine the prevalence of metopic suture in adult human skulls in Uttar Pradesh. One hundred and fifty macerated skulls of undetermined age and sex were used for this. The anatomical departments of Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College and Research Center (Moradabad), King George Medical College (Lucknow), SRMS Institute of Medical Science (Bareilly), Govt. Medical College Kannauj, and Govt. Medical College Saharanpur provided these skulls. Results: This study has found the incidence of metopic sutures of about 12.90%. The two types of metopic sutures were found in this study, namely complete metopic suture 4.52% and incomplete metopic suture 8.38% in which found 0.64% “V” shape metopic suture. Conclusion: Themorphological study of metopic sutures on adult crania is useful for anatomists, experts in forensic medicine, and neurologists for performing surgical procedures in this area
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Personal hygiene refers to set of individual practices and conditions that help maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases. Maintaining personal hygiene is important for social health, physical health and psychosocial health. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge and reported practices of school going children regarding personal hygiene with a view to develop an information booklet. The study adopted cross sectional design to collect data from 410 school going children in rural villages of Haldwani block, Uttarakhand. The children were recruited via convenient sampling technique. It was found that majority (n=230, 56.09%) school going children had moderate knowledge of personal hygiene. The overall practices of children were found to be appropriate for 366 (89.51%) children. Regarding knowledge and hygienic practices, mother' s education plays vital role for school going children. Also, teachers with parents can play a pivotal role in providing health education regarding personal hygiene from early stage of childhood itself for longevity and to protect from illnesses.
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Biotic and abiotic factors have an effect on rice production all around the world. Diseases are regarded as major restrictions among the biotic stressors, and rice sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) is one of the most calamitous diseases that significantly damage the crop. Lately, biocontrol of fungal plant pathogens has appeared as an appealing approach. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate different biocontrol agents like Talaromyces flavus, Chaetomium globosum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Aspergillus niger against sheath blight disease. Prior to sowing, seeds were bioprimed with each isolate and sown in the nursery. After 21 days, seedlings were transplanted in-vivo and were inoculated with a virulent isolate of Rhizoctonia solani at maximum tillering stage. Observations on biochemical parameters and gene expression studies were carried out at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpi. Enzymatic activity viz., chitinase, ?-1,3-glucanase, catalase, and PAL was observed maximum in Chaetomium globosum. PR-genes viz., IPT, BrD, HmPr, AMP, AldD, NIC and LisH showed up-regulation at 96 hpi. Chaetomium globosum had the highest yield, maximum number of tillers with least RLH% as compared to other treatments. However, results indicated biocontrol agents are helpful and they induce multitude of defence responses against R. solani in rice.
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Objectives?The idiopathic group is a significant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in developing countries. Literature available on ocular surface changes has predominantly been reported in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Little is known about the changes in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The present study aimed to identify ocular surface changes in an idiopathic group of CKD undergoing dialysis. Aim?To compare tear film disorders and the severity of ocular surface changes (goblet cell density, squamous metaplasia, and corneoconjunctival calcification) in patients of idiopathic etiology with CKD undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. This is an analytical study. Materials and Methods?Asymptomatic adult patients of idiopathic CKD, on treatment with dialysis underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, and a dilated fundus examination. Dry eye assessment was done by ocular surface staining score, Schirmer test, and tear breakup time (TBUT). Conjunctival impression cytology was studied to assess changes on ocular surface. Chest X-rays for aortic calcification were reviewed and data analyzed. Results?Both eyes of 76 patients of hemodialysis and 32 patients of peritoneal dialysis were studied. Ocular surface staining (OSS) scores were low. Impression cytology showed a drop in goblet cell density, presence of squamous metaplasia, and conjunctival keratinization significantly more in the hemodialysis group. No correlation was seen between the presence of conjunctival calcification and aortic calcification. Conclusion?The hemodialysis group had mild subclinical dry eye but keratinization of conjunctiva was seen. Similarly, advanced squamous metaplasia was seen in the peritoneal dialysis group. These changes were positively correlated to decrease in goblet cell density.
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Screen-based media usage among young people is blooming rapidly due to technological and digital revolution. We conducted community-based cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of excess screen time and its association with sociodemographic and behavioral patterns in a rural block of Haryana, India. Asemi-structured interview schedule was administered by trained physicians to ascertain screen time in a typical day and various socioeconomic and behavioral factors among a random sample of 860 young men aged 18–24 years. The prevalence of excess screen time was 61.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 58.4–65.1). It was significantly associated with education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.6) and occupation (AOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2–3.9) of the father and their sleep duration of ?8 h (AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.3). Limiting the screen time as per international standards and behavioral interventions are needed for this young population.
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Aims: Thymectomy specimens are uncommon in routine histopathology practice. However, awareness of various pathologic entities and definite reporting of these specimens is paramount to optimal patient management. Our objective was to determine the histomorphologic spectrum of thymectomy specimens spanning the non-neoplastic, benign to malignant spectrum. Methods and Results: Thymectomies received over an 8-year period were retrospectively analyzed by reviewing clinical details and histologic findings in detail, incorporating the latest World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 histologic classification. A total of 303 thymectomy specimens (179 males/124 females, mean age 45.3 years [3–84 years]) were included. Around 51.2% (n = 155) patients had associated myasthenia gravis (MG), while 17.5% (n = 53) had incidentally detected anterior mediastinal mass (AMM). Non-neoplastic and benign pathologies comprised 31% (n = 94) cases and showed stronger association with MG (P = 0.009). Thymic follicular hyperplasia (TFH) was the commonest non-neoplastic pathology (n = 32), while the benign tumor group included thymic hemangioma/lymphangioma, thymolipoma, and ectopic parathyroid adenoma. Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) comprised 64.7% cases, with majority being thymomas (185/303; 61.1%). Thymoma type B2 was the commonest histologic subtype and Stage I/T1 was the most frequent stage. Type A and AB thymomas affected older patients (P = 0.005) and were in lower stage (both Masaoka and American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC]) than type B thymomas (P = 0.007). No significant association between MG and thymoma subtype, patient sex or Masaoka stage was seen (P > 0.05). Thymic carcinomas comprised 11 cases and showed no association with MG (0/11, P < 0.001); squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest histologic type (8/11; 72.7%). Conclusion: TETs are the commonest thymic lesions; however, a diverse spectrum of pathologic processes can affect the thymus.
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BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is an evolving disease with newly generated evidence related to the clinical management of Covid-19 patients. We aimed to compare two online learning schedules for disseminating new cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines in terms of knowledge gain and acceptability among nurses. METHODS In a prospective randomized controlled study, 61 nurses trained in comprehensive cardiopulmonary life support (CCLS) were randomized to synchronous (n=31) and asynchronous learning groups (n= 30). The enhanced training module on CPR (ETMCPR) prepared by a team of experts was used to impart training to the nurses. Baseline data and pre-intervention knowledge of participants were collected using a structured demographic sheet and knowledge questionnaire (25 items) in a google form. Nurses in the synchronous group were provided training using ETMCPR through a licensed Zoom platform, while the nurses in the asynchronous group had access to the uploaded ETMCPR module in the e-learning platform. At the end of the intervention, the knowledge of the nurses was assessed along with their acceptability to the online learning schedule. RESULTS Both schedules of online learning were effective in improving the knowledge scores of the nurses (11.93 [3.26] v. 21.15 [1.90], p=0.01 and 11.71 [3.12] v. 20.32 [1.71], p=0.01). The mean acceptability scores of nurses in the asynchronous group were statistically lower than in the synchronous group (38.93 [2.50] v. 42.5 [3.08], p=0.007). CONCLUSION Both synchronous and asynchronous schedules of online learning were effective in disseminating updated CPR guidelines; however, nurses in the synchronous group were more satisfied with the learning schedule.
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Shilajatu analysis is conducted as it is rare, controversial and herbo mineral drug. Conventional literature reveals that only Shodana is sufficient enough and no need to go for further processes like Marana and Satwapatana. Unlike Rasaratna samuchhaya, the need for research on physical and chemical properties of Shilajatu is essential and unavoidable. Shilajatu is mineral pitch found in Himalaya rocks as exudations in the form of resin, hence the name Shilajatu. The works focuses on physical and chemical components present in four different forms of Shilajatu in the form of Raw, Shodhita, Marita, Satwapatita. The study is undertaken to assess organoleptic characters, pH, specific gravity, ash value, percentage of acid insoluble ash value and % of water soluble ash, moisture content, solubility in distilled water, and % of solubility. Now a day’s stressful lifestyle, unhealthy diet, polluted environment, extremely pressurized work culture have created havoc among people affecting their physical and mental health leading to Medho vridhi vikaras (Hyperlipidemia). Shilajatu when used with proper Anupana can cure many diseases as said in Charaka chikitsa stana. Analytical study reveals presence of Elements like K, Ca, O, Cl, S, Na, Mg, Si, Al, Pb and oxides like K2O, CaO, SO3, MgO, Na2O, Al2O3, SiO3, P2O5, PbO, CuO, Cl in all the samples. Phytochemicals flavonoids, tannins, steroids triterpenoids, saponin, proteins were present in raw and Shodhita shilajatu.
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Background: Smoking cessation is the most powerful intervention to modify progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and nicotine dependence is one of the most important determinants of success or failure in smoking cessation. Thus, nicotine dependence status and factors associated with moderate to high nicotine Dependence in patients with COPD needs to be evaluated. Method: A hospital based cross-sectional observational study performed on 50 patients with COPD attending the outpatient department at smoking cessation clinic, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan during 2019-2020. Result: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that low education status, age 60 yrs., and mild to moderate airflow obstruction were related to moderate to high nicotine dependence. Conclusion: Nicotine dependence does not correlate with smoking amount, but with education level, age, and severity of airflow obstruction. Physicians should provide different strategies of smoking cessation intervention for current smokers with COPD according to their education levels, age, and severity of airflow obstruction.
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Introduction: The sacrum is considered as a highly variable bone. Several morphological variations have been documented which exhibit differences in the frequency of occurrence and morphological characteristics in various study populations. Variant anatomy of the sacrum may be associated with backache, enuresis, neurological anomalies of the lower limb and functional disorders of lower urinary tract. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify and describe morphological variations of sacrum in Indian population and enable comparison with different populations. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 108 dry adult human sacra and morphological characteristics and variations were noted. Results: Sacral skewness was observed in 7.4% sacra with right sided skewness being predominant. The presence of accessory auricular surface (AAS) was noted in 13% sacra which was at the level of S3 vertebra in most sacra. Spina bifida (SB) was observed in 11.1% sacra and it was most commonly located at S1 vertebral level. Furthermore, the lumbo-sacral transitional vertebra (TV) was documented in 10.2% sacra. Conclusions: Sacrum displays numerous variations in Indian population such as skewness, AAS, SB and TV. Thorough knowledge of morphological characteristics and variations of sacrum is vital and should be contemplated during diagnosis and treatment of sacrum-related diseases.
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Non-immunoglobulin intracytoplasmic inclusions in plasma cells of multiple myeloma are very rare presentation. These are morphologically similar to Auer rods but chemically different from them. We studied two cases of multiple myeloma in a 60-year-old woman and 45-year-old man. In both cases, plasma cells of bone marrow aspirate revealed multiple Auer rod-like inclusions (ARLI). Sudan black B (SBB) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) cytochemistry were negative. Serum protein electrophoresis in both of them showed M spike, one with raised IgA-kappa levels, while the other with raised IgG-kappa levels. Very few case reports have been published in the literature and its prognostic implications are still unknown. Due to its rarity, it is important to distinguish such cases from acute myeloid leukemia and its exact incidence with its therapeutic and prognostic implications
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Abstract Introduction: Treatment of nephrotic syndrome with corticosteroid can cause several side- effects including behavioral abnormalities. The objectives of the study were to observe the proportion of non-relapsers having persistence of behavioral abnormalities after completion of treatment of initial episode and compare the abnormalities with relapsers, and to determine risk factors for persistence. Methods: Seventy-five children with a first episode of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and 60 normal children were rated by parents for behavioral problems using the Child Behavior Checklist. The Parenting Stress Index was also evaluated. The children were rated before treatment and 12 and 36 weeks after. Results: Both relapsers and non-relapsers showed abnormalities in internalizing and externalizing domains at 12 weeks of steroid therapy. Non-relapsers had abnormal scores in the internalizing domain in 63.5 % and externalizing domain in 48.1% of cases at 36 weeks. Relapsers had abnormal scores in all the three behavior domains, but a significantly higher proportion of relapsers had abnormal scores regarding total behavior (65.2% vs 28.8%, p<0.01) and child domains (100% vs 57.7%, p<0.001) of Parenting Stress Index in comparison to non-relapsers at 36 weeks. Occurrence of relapse increased the risk (odds ratio 5.76, 95% CI 1.35-10.76, p< 0.001) for persistence of abnormal total behavior at 36 weeks follow-up. Conclusion: Persistence of abnormalities was observed not only in relapsers but also in non-relapsers. Relapse was found to be a significant risk factor for persistence of abnormal behaviors in these patients.
Resumo Introdução: O tratamento da síndrome nefrótica com corticosteroide pode causar vários efeitos colaterais, incluindo anormalidades comportamentais. Os objetivos do estudo foram observar a proporção de não-recidivos com persistência de anormalidades comportamentais após conclusão do tratamento do episódio inicial, comparar as anormalidades com os recidivos, e determinar fatores de risco para persistência. Métodos: 75 crianças com primeiro episódio de síndrome nefrótica idiopática e 60 crianças normais foram avaliadas pelos pais por problemas comportamentais usando o Checklist de Comportamento Infantil. O Índice de Estresse Parental também foi avaliado. As crianças foram avaliadas antes do tratamento, 12 e 36 semanas após. Resultados: Tanto recidivos quanto não recidivos mostraram anormalidades nos domínios de internalização e externalização às 12 semanas de terapia com esteroides. Não-recidivos apresentaram pontuações anormais no domínio de internalização em 63,5%, e no domínio de externalização, em 48,1% dos casos em 36 semanas. Recidivos tiveram pontuações anormais em todos os três domínios de comportamento, mas uma proporção significativamente maior de recidivos apresentou pontuações anormais em relação ao comportamento total (65,2% vs 28,8%, p<0,01) e domínios infantis (100% vs 57,7%, p<0,001) do Índice de Estresse Parental em comparação com não recidivos às 36 semanas. A ocorrência de recidiva aumentou o risco (odds ratio 5,76, 95% IC 1,35-10,76, p< 0,001) de persistência de comportamento total anormal em 36 semanas de acompanhamento. Conclusão: A persistência de anormalidades foi observada não apenas em recidivos, mas também em não recidivos. A recidiva foi um fator de risco significativo para a persistência de comportamentos anormais nesses pacientes.
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Erectile dysfunction (ED), characterized by a man’s constant or recurrent disability to obtain and/or maintain penile erection sufficient to achieve and complete satisfactory sexual intercourse, is a common ailment. Its incidence and prevalence increases with age. ED is caused by several factors -psychological factors, organic factors, and metabolic factors. ED may also be iatrogenic and related to some drugs, pelvic surgery, or radiotherapy. The main etiology is vascular in nature, with risk factors that are common to other cardiovascular diseases. Several drugs, mechanical and prosthetic devices, and surgical procedures are used to alleviate ED. Lifestyle modulation is increasingly being added as first-line treatments for ED. These include lack of physical activity and cigarette smoking. Obesity and an unhealthy quality of diet are also lifestyles that affect ED. This manuscript narratively reviews the impact of excessive caloric intake, various dietary ingredients, and special diets on ED.